再引入黑颈长尾雉的产卵、孵卵行为

2003年5月至2005年7月,在广西百色岑王老山自然保护区对再引入黑颈长尾雉Sy rm a ticus hum iae的产卵、孵卵行为进行研究。遥测了4只雌性个体,对5窝正在孵化的雌鸟进行观察,结果表明:黑颈长尾雉有盖卵行为;平均窝卵数6.3个,产卵间隔1~2 d,产下最后一枚卵前一天开始孵化,孵化期27 d;巢温(37.7±1.16)℃;雌鸟单独孵化,每天都离巢,平均离巢时间(102±74)m in,53.84%发生在早上,23.08%发生在中午,15.35%发生在下午(另有7.73%无法确定,故不计算在内);离巢的雌鸟有较固定的取食地。多元线性回归检验表明:天气状况与离巢时间长短有显著相关(t=3.717,P=0.001);卵质量与孵化时间有显著的负相关性(F=21.847,P=0.000)。     

论政治生态学的生态观

政治生态学是指以政治学和生态学之间的某种关系及其机理为研究对象的一门交叉学科。在20世纪90年代，随着政治生态学向新的方向发展，出现了政治生态学是否已经发展成为无生态观的政治学这种争议。在简述政治生态学的起源和发展之后，重点探讨政治生态学的生态作用，思考其对未来分支学科和地理学中人与环境关系研究的影响。     

蒙古族萨满教宇宙观与草原生态

萨满教是蒙古族古老的宗教，它产生于旧石器时代中晚期的母系氏族社会，其完备的自然宗教形态形成于新石器时代的母系氏族社会和金石并用时代的父系氏族社会。蒙古族进入奴隶社会后，萨满教亦从自然宗教向主神教过渡，成吉思汗建立蒙古帝国后，萨满教也步入了兴盛的顶峰时期。萨满教宇宙观包括宇宙形成或起源论、宇宙结构论、对天地万物的解读等内容。探讨分析萨满教宇宙起源论、宇宙结构论。对当代草原生态恢复与重建具有理论意义和实践价值。     

生态环境哲学:哲学当代创新之域

生态环境哲学缘起于人类对自身当代生存状况与未来命运的忧虑和关注，人类生命中自然意识的觉醒以及人类文明范式的当代转型的科学基础与文化背景中。对于人与自然生态系统及人与自然生态系统中生物、非生物的关系思考和研究，生态环境哲学可在吸收与转换现代生态科学与环境科学的知识与原理的基础上而进行哲学当代创新。这种创新意味着哲学范式的一种根本性转变。     

长春市城市绿地建设及存在问题探讨

城市绿地生态建设是城市建设中的一项重要内容，具有自净能力的绿地，在维护城市生态平衡和改善城市生态环境方面起着其它基础设施所无法替代的重要作用，本文根据实地调研和遥感技术解译的资料，分析了长春市城市绿地生态建设的当前情况，提出了当前建设中存在的问题，并建议应从生态学的角度去建设城市绿地．     

城市土壤的生态服务功能演变与城市生态环境保护

城市化是急剧的土地利用变化过程。在城市化过程中，土壤的服务功能经历明显的转变，即从维系植物生长的功能为主转变为滞留、转化和净化污染的功能为主，因此，城市土壤在城市生态系统中承担着重要的生态服务功能并起着保护城市环境的作用。城市土壤在功能转变的过程中，土壤质量也发生重要的转变，这些变化包括物理的、化学的和生物学的等方面。巨大的人为影响致使城市土壤的退化比较明显。物理退化方面主要体现在由于压实导致容重增加、水分入渗速率降低，从而使降雨时地表径流系数增加、非点源污染负荷升高，对城市水体污染产生明显的影响；化学退化方面主要体现在土壤中的有机和无机污染物含量显著增加，这一方面使土壤对生物健康直接影响的可能性增加，另一方面使土壤的吸附容量接近饱和丽导致污染物的移动性提高，从而具有较高的释放潜力。城市生态系统中物质循环过程不闭合的特点，决定了城市土壤是养分和污染物末端固定者，因而城市土壤是一个人为的某些元素的地球化学“垒”(barrier)。建设健康的城市生态环境需要闭合开放状态的物质循环链条，这必然需要科学的城市土壤管理策略。     

生态学实验真实性的追求——以有效性、准确性、精确性的考量为基础

 在传统科学实验中,较高的有效性、准确性、精确性与较高的真实性相对应。但在生态学实验中,情况有所不同,只有保证有效性,才能获得真实性。鉴此,应该努力保证实验过程中"测量的概念"涵盖,但不与来自"研究的概念"或"想象的概念"重叠,在确立生态学实验有效性的过程中测量真实事物。准确性与真实性相对应,但在生态学实验中,"真实"的参考值很难获取,甚至获取了也可能不太可靠,由此,提高仪器的技术性能,改进实验的操作流程,采取其他的方法如"空白值"试验,提高准确性以努力获得准确的结果,或者依赖相关的理论和经验分析,来定性地判断该生态学测量实验数据是否准确或者在多大程度上准确,就是必须的了。精确性与可靠性正相关,在生态学实验过程中,应该增加精确性,以保证可靠性,否则,即使获得了真实的实验结果,也可能因此精确性（可靠性）差而不被相信并不被接受;而且,一般地,对于不同类型的生态学实验,从数学模型,到数字的有机体,再到人工生命系统（宇宙实验）,最后到不受干扰或处理的自然系统,复杂性越来越大,精确性越来越小,真实性越来越差,据此,必须针对具体的研究案例,选择恰当的实验类型,权衡实验的精确性和真实性。     

Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Pathogen-mediated changes in host behaviour can result from hosts altering their habitat preferences. Although infection risk with pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians is associated with environments favouring its growth, the relationship with microhabitat use has not been examined. Here, we aim to determine if microhabitats used by frogs during their nocturnal activity predict B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity. Our focal host, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a habitat generalist that uses multiple habitats from the forest floor to the canopy. We analysed data on B. dendrobatidis occurrence in 157 adults and 122 juveniles at El Yunque National forest in Puerto Rico. We categorized each individual’s nocturnal microhabitat as forest floor, curled palm fronds in the floor, arboreal bromeliads and foliage or tree trunks 50 cm to 2.5 m above ground. We found that frogs on the forest floor had the greatest B. dendrobatidis prevalence (73%), compared with those active in vegetation above ground (55%). Overall, the probability of B. dendrobatidis infection in frogs using microhabitats on the forest floor was twice as great as for those on arboreal substrates. Differences in B. dendrobatidis prevalence and intensity in E. coqui may be explained by specific abiotic conditions of microenvironments (temperature and humidity) affecting both pathogen and host, and by the age-specific ecological requirements of hosts. Adults were found to be most active in microhabitats where individuals had lower infection burdens, suggesting pathogen-modulated habitat choice. This work has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of enzootic diseases and provides data that may inform potential mitigation strategies against a generalist amphibian pathogen.     

Coral reef tanaidacean assemblages along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico: biodiversity,geographic distribution and community structure

The biodiversity, geographic distribution, and community parameters of the benthic tanaidaceans associated with three coral reefs along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico were analysed. A total of 15,525 specimens were grouped in 36 species. The highest value of abundance was found in the PNSAV with 6382 tanaidaceans. The PNSAV presented 30 species, the ANPT-L 16 species, and the SABS 17 species. The species with the widest distribution were Pseudonototanais sp., Condrochelia dubia, Leptochelia forresti, Synapseudes sp., Haplopolemius propinquus, Alloleptochelia longimana, and Paradoxapseudes bermudeus. In the Veracruz System Reef, the highest abundance was recorded for Condrochelia dubia and Pseudonototanais sp. The highest value of diversity was obtained in the SABS (3.08 bits/ind in the reef Bajo Diez), and the lowest value was found in the PNSAV (0.07 bits/ind in the reef Isla de Enmedio). The highest value of abundance was found in coral rubble and macroalgae. A significant relationship between depth and specific richness was found in the three reef systems. Using cluster analysis, three groups were found in each system, mainly related to the proximity to the coast and to urban areas. This is one of the first studies to show the specific substrate and attributes of three communities of tanaidaceans along the SE–SW coast of the Gulf of Mexico.     

Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation

In at least 18 Lepidoptera families, caterpillars build shelters that mainly serve to regulate microclimate (humidity, temperature) and/or to avoid predation. We aimed to explore the function of the tubular structures built with the leaves of the host plant, Acacia cochliacantha Humboldt and Bonpland ex Willdenow (Fabaceae), by a lepidopteran endemic to Mexico, Baronia brevicornis Salvin. We experimentally evaluated whether tubular structure building behaviour is induced by high temperature or predator odour, and if shelters reduce or enhance predation of B. brevicornis caterpillars. We used Calosoma angulatum as predator. Our analyses showed that caterpillars did not make the tubular structures in response to high temperature. We also found no difference in predators’ visual recognition of sheltered versus unsheltered caterpillars. Caterpillars did not build shelters but they moved more often when exposed to predator odour. Unsheltered caterpillars were more frequently consumed when predators were allowed to interact with sheltered and unsheltered caterpillars. Hence, the tubular structures built by B. brevicornis are most likely a strategy for reducing predation, for example by C. angulatum.